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全国人民代表大会


中华人民共和国主席令（六届第22号）

《中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法》已由中华人民共和国第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议于1985年3月21日通过，现予公布，自1985年7月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席 李先念
1985年3月21日




中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法

（1985年3月21日第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议通过 1985年3月21日中华人民共和国主席令第二十二号公布 自1985年7月1日起施行）

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了保障涉外经济合同当事人的合法权益，促进我国对外经济关系的发展，特制定本法。
第二条 本法的适用范围是中华人民共和国的企业或者其他经济组织同外国的企业和其他经济组织或者个人之间订立的经济合同（以下简称合同）。但是，国际运输合同除外。
第三条 订立合同，应当依据平等互利、协商一致的原则。
第四条 订立合同，必须遵守中华人民共和国法律，并不得损害中华人民共和国的社会公共利益。
第五条 合同当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律。当事人没有选择的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。
在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同，适用中华人民共和国法律。
中华人民共和国法律未作规定的，可以适用国际惯例。
第六条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的与合同有关的国际条约同中华人民共和国法律有不同规定的，适用该国际条约的规定。但是，中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。
第二章 合同的订立
第七条 当事人就合同条款以书面形式达成协议并签字，即为合同成立。通过信件、电报、电传达成协议，一方当事人要求签订确认书的，签订确认书时，方为合同成立。
中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准的合同，获得批准时，方为合同成立。
第八条 合同订明的附件是合同的组成部分。
第九条 违反中华人民共和国法律或者社会公共利益的合同无效。
合同中的条款违反中华人民共和国法律或者社会公共利益的，经当事人协商同意予以取消或者改正后，不影响合同的效力。
第十条 采取欺诈或者胁迫手段订立的合同无效。
第十一条 当事人一方对合同无效负有责任的，应当对另一方因合同无效而遭受的损失负赔偿责任。
第十二条 合同一般应当具备以下条款：
一、合同当事人的名称或者姓名、国籍、主营业所或者住所；
二、合同签订的日期、地点；
三、合同的类型和合同标的的种类、范围；
四、合同标的的技术条件、质量、标准、规格、数量；
五、履行的期限、地点和方式；
六、价格条件、支付金额、支付方式和各种附带的费用；
七、合同能否转让或者合同转让的条件；
八、违反合同的赔偿和其他责任；
九、合同发生争议时的解决方法；
十、合同使用的文字及其效力。
第十三条 合同应当视需要约定当事人对履行标的承担风险的界限；必要时应当约定对标的的保险范围。
第十四条 对于需要较长期间连续履行的合同，当事人应当约定合同的有效期限，并可以约定延长合同期限和提前终止合同的条件。
第十五条 当事人可以在合同中约定担保。担保人在约定的担保范围内承担责任。
第三章 合同的履行和违反合同的责任
第十六条 合同依法成立，即具有法律约束力。当事人应当履行合同约定的义务，任何一方不得擅自变更或者解除合同。
第十七条 当事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据时，可以暂时中止履行合同，但是应当立即通知另一方；当另一方对履行合同提供了充分的保证时，应当履行合同。当事人一方没有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据，中止履行合同的，应当负违反合同的责任。
第十八条 当事人一方不履行合同或者履行合同义务不符合约定条件，即违反合同的，另一方有权要求赔偿损失或者采取其他合理的补救措施。采取其他补救措施后，尚不能完全弥补另一方受到的损失的，另一方仍然有权要求赔偿损失。
第十九条 当事人一方违反合同的赔偿责任，应当相当于另一方因此所受到的损失，但是不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。
第二十条 当事人可以在合同中约定，一方违反合同时，向另一方支付一定数额的违约金；也可以约定对于违反合同而产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。
合同中约定的违约金，视为违反合同的损失赔偿。但是，约定的违约金过分高于或者低于违反合同所造成的损失的，当事人可以请求仲裁机构或者法院予以适当减少或者增加。
第二十一条 当事人双方都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。
第二十二条 当事人一方因另一方违反合同而受到损失的，应当及时采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有及时采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，无权就扩大的损失要求赔偿。
第二十三条 当事人一方未按期支付合同规定的应付金额或者与合同有关的其他应付金额的，另一方有权收取迟延支付金额的利息。计算利息的方法，可以在合同中约定。
第二十四条 当事人因不可抗力事件不能履行合同的全部或者部分义务的，免除其全部或者部分责任。
当事人一方因不可抗力事件不能按合同约定的期限履行的，在事件的后果影响持续的期间内，免除其迟延履行的责任。
不可抗力事件是指当事人在订立合同时不能预见、对其发生和后果不能避免并不能克服的事件。
不可抗力事件的范围，可以在合同中约定。
第二十五条 当事人一方因不可抗力事件不能履行合同的全部或者部分义务的，应当及时通知另一方，以减轻可能给另一方造成的损失，并应在合理期间内提供有关机构出具的证明。
第四章 合同的转让
第二十六条 当事人一方将合同权利和义务的全部或者部分转让给第三者的，应当取得另一方的同意。
第二十七条 中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准成立的合同，其权利和义务的转让，应当经原批准机关批准。但是，已批准的合同中另有约定的除外。
第五章 合同的变更、解除和终止
第二十八条 经当事人协商同意后，合同可以变更。
第二十九条 有下列情形之一的，当事人一方有权通知另一方解除合同：
一、另一方违反合同，以致严重影响订立合同所期望的经济利益；
二、另一方在合同约定的期限内没有履行合同，在被允许推迟履行的合理期限内仍未履行；
三、发生不可抗力事件，致使合同的全部义务不能履行；
四、合同约定的解除合同的条件已经出现。
第三十条 对于包含几个相互独立部分的合同，可以依据前条的规定，解除其中的一部分而保留其余部分的效力。
第三十一条 有下列情形之一的，合同即告终止：
一、合同已按约定条件得到履行；
二、仲裁机构裁决或者法院判决终止合同；
三、双方协商同意终止合同。
第三十二条 变更或者解除合同的通知或者协议，应当采用书面形式。
第三十三条 中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准成立的合同，其重大变更应当经原批准机关批准，其解除应当报原批准机关备案。
第三十四条 合同的变更、解除或者终止，不影响当事人要求赔偿损失的权利。
第三十五条 合同约定的解决争议的条款，不因合同的解除或者终止而失去效力。
第三十六条 合同约定的结算和清理条款，不因合同的解除或者终止而失去效力。
第六章 争议的解决
第三十七条 发生合同争议时，当事人应当尽可能通过协商或者通过第三者调解解决。
当事人不愿协商、调解的，或者协商、调解不成的，可以依据合同中的仲裁条款或者事后达成的书面仲裁协议，提交中国仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构仲裁。
第三十八条 当事人没有在合同中订立仲裁条款，事后又没有达成书面仲裁协议的，可以向人民法院起诉。
第七章 附 则
第三十九条 货物买卖合同争议提起诉讼或者仲裁的期限为四年，自当事人知道或者应当知道其权利受到侵犯之日起计算。其他合同争议提起诉讼或者仲裁的期限由法律另行规定。
第四十条 在中华人民共和国境内履行、经国家批准成立的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同，在法律有新的规定时，可以仍然按照合同的规定执行。
第四十一条 本法施行之日前成立的合同，经当事人协商同意，可以适用本法。
第四十二条 国务院依据本法制定实施细则。
第四十三条 本法自１９８５年７月１日起施行。


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ECONOMIC CONTRACTSINVOLVING FOREIGN INTEREST

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
INVOLVING FOREIGN INTEREST
(Adopted at the Tenth Session of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 22 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on March 21, 1985, and
effective as of July 1, 1985)

Contents

Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II The Conclusion of Contracts
Chapter III The Performance of Contracts and Liability for Breach of
Contract
Chapter IV The Assignment of Contracts
Chapter V The Modification, Rescission and Termination of Contracts
Chapter VI The Settlement of Disputes
Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to protecting the lawful rights and
interests of the parties to Chinese-foreign economic contracts and
promoting the development of China's foreign economic relations.
Article 2
This Law shall apply to economic contracts concluded between enterprises
or other economic organizations of the People's Republic of China and
foreign enterprises, other economic organizations or individuals.
(hereinafter referred to as "contracts"). However, this provision shall
not apply to international transport contracts.
Article 3
Contracts shall be concluded according to the principle of equality and
mutual benefit and the principle of achieving agreement through
consultation.
Article 4
In concluding a contract, the parties must abide by the law of the
People's Republic of China and shall not harm the public interest of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The parties to a contract may choose the proper law applicable to the
settlement of contract disputes. In the absence of such a choice by the
parties, the law of the country which has the closest connection with the
contract shall apply. The law of the People's Republic of China shall
apply to contracts that are to be performed within the territory of the
People's Republic of China, namely contracts for Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures, Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures and Chinese-
foreign cooperative exploration and development of natural resources. For
matters that are not covered in the law of the People's Republic of China,
international practice shall be followed.
Article 6
Where an international treaty which is relevant to a contract, and to
which the People's Republic of China is a contracting party or a
signatory, has provided differently from the law of the People's Republic
of China, the provisions of the international treaty shall prevail, with
the exception of those clauses on which the People's Republic of China has
declared reservation.

Chapter II The Conclusion of Contracts

Article 7
A contract shall be formed as soon as the parties to it have reached a
written agreement on the terms and have signed the contract. If an
agreement is reached by means of letters, telegrams or telex and one party
requests a signed letter of confirmation, the contract shall be formed
only after the letter of confirmation is signed. Contracts which are
subject to the approval of the state, as provided for by the laws or
administrative regulations of the People's Republic of China, shall be
formed only after such approval is granted.
Article 8
Appendices specified in a contract shall be integral parts of the
contract.
Article 9
Contracts that violate the law or the public interest of the People's
Republic of China shall be void.
In case any terms in a contract violate the law or the public interest of
the People's Republic of China, the validity of the contract shall not be
affected if such terms are cancelled or modified by the parties through
consultations.
Article 10
Contracts that are concluded by means of fraud or duress shall be void.
Article 11
A party which is responsible for the invalidity of a contract shall be
liable for the losses suffered by the other party as a result of the
contracts becoming invalid.
Article 12
A contract shall, in general, contain the following terms:
(1) the corporate or personal names of the contracting parties and their
nationalities and principal places of business or domicile;
(2) the date and place of the signing of the contract;
(3) the type of contract and the kind and scope of the object of the
contract;
(4) The technical conditions, quality, standard, specifications and
quantity of the object of the contract;
(5) the time limit, place and method of performance;
(6) the price, amount and method of payment, and various incidental
charges;
(7) whether the contract is assignable and, if it is, the conditions for
its assignment;
(8) liability to pay compensation and other liabilities for breach of
contract;
(9) the ways for settling contract disputes; and
(10) the language(s) in which the contract is to be written and its
validity.

Article 13
So far as it may require, a contract shall provide for the limits of the
risks to be borne by the parties in performing the object; if necessary,
it shall provide for the coverage of insurance for the object.
Article 14
Where a contract needs to be performed continuously over a long period,
the parties shall set a period of validity for the contract and may also
stipulate conditions for its extension and its termination before its
expiry.
Article 15
In the contract the parties may agree to provide a guaranty. The guarantor
shall be held liable within the agreed scope of guaranty.

Chapter III The Performance of Contracts and Liability for Breach of Contract

Article 16
A contract shall be legally bindings as soon as it is established in
accordance with the law. The parties shall perform their obligations
stipulated in the contract. No party shall unilaterally modify or rescind
the contract.
Article 17
A party may temporarily suspend its performance of the contract if it has
conclusive evidence that the other party is unable to perform the
contract. However, it shall immediately inform the other party of such
suspension. It shall perform the contract if and when the other party
provides a sure guarantee for performance of the contract. If a party
suspends performance of the contract without conclusive evidence of the
other party's inability to perform the contract, it shall be liable for
breach of contract.
Article 18
If a party fails to perform the contract or its performance of the
contractual obligations does not conform to the agreed terms. which
constitutes a breach of contract, the other party is entitled to claim
damages or demand other reasonable remedial measures. If the losses
suffered by the other party cannot be completely made up after the
adoption of such remedial measures, the other party shall still have the
right to claim damages.
Article 19
The liability of a party to pay compensation for the breach of a contract
shall be equal to the loss suffered by the other party as a consequence of
the breach. However, such compensation may not exceed the loss which the
party responsible for the breach ought to have foreseen at the time of the
conclusion of the contract as a possible consequence of a breach of
contract.
Article 20
The parties may agree in a contract that, if one party breaches the
contract, it shall pay a certain amount of breach of contract damages to
the other party; they may also agree upon a method for calculating the
damages resulting from such a breach. The breach of contract damages as
stipulated in the contract shall be regarded as compensation for the
losses resulting from breach of contract. However, if the contractually
agreed breach of contract damages are far more or far less than is
necessary to compensate for the losses resulting from the breach, the
party concerned may request an arbitration body or a court to reduce or
increase them appropriately.

Article 21
If both parties breach the contract, each shall be commensurately liable
for the breach of contract that is its responsibility.
Article 22
A party which suffers losses resulting from a breach of contract by the
other party shall promptly take appropriate measures to prevent the losses
from becoming severer. If the losses are aggravated as a result of its
failure to adopt appropriate measures, it shall not be entitled to claim
compensation for the aggravated part of the losses.
Article 23
If a party fails to pay on time any amount stipulated as payable in the
contract or any other amount related to the contract that is payable, the
other party is entitled to interest on the amount in arrears. The method
for calculating the interest may be specified in the contract.
Article 24
If a party is prevented from performing all or part of its obligations
owing to force majeure, it shall be relieved of all or part of its
obligations.
If a party cannot perform its obligations within the contractually agreed
time limit owing to force majeure, it shall be relieved of the liability
for delayed performance during the aftereffect of the event.
Force majeure means an event that the parties could not have foreseen at
the time of conclusion of the contract, both parties being unable to
either avoid or overcome its occurrence and consequences.
The scope of force majeure may be specified in the contract.
Article 25
The party which fails to perform wholly or in part its contractual
obligations owing to force majeure shall promptly inform the other party
so as to mitigate possible losses inflicted on the other party, and shall
also provide a certificate issued by the relevant agency within a
reasonable period of time.

Chapter IV The Assignment of Contracts

Article 26
When a party assigns, wholly or in part, its contractual rights and
obligations to a third party, it must obtain the consent of the other
party.
Article 27
In the case of a contract which, according to the laws or administrative
regulations of the People's Republic of China, is to be formed with the
approval of the state, the assignment of the contractual rights and
obligations shall be subject to the approval of the authority which
approved the contract, unless otherwise stipulated in the approved
contract.

Chapter V The Modification, Rescission and Termination of Con- tracts

Article 28
A contract may be modified if both parties agree through consultation.
Article 29
A party shall have the right to notify the other party that a contract is
rescinded in any of the following situations:
(1) if the other party has breached the contract, thus adversely affecting
the economic benefits they expected to receive at the time of the
conclusion of the contract;
(2) if the other party fails to perform the contract within the time limit
agreed upon in the contract, and again fails to perform it within the
reasonable period of time allowed for delayed performance;
(3) if all the obligations under the contract cannot be performed owing to
force majeure; or
(4) if the contractually agreed conditions for the rescission of the
contract are present.
Article 30
For a contract consisting of several independent parts, some may be
rescinded according to the provisions of the preceding article while the
other parts remain valid.
Article 31
A contract shall be terminated in any one of the following situations:
(1) if the contract has already been performed in accordance with the
agreed terms;
(2) if an arbitration body or a court has decided that the contract shall
be terminated; or
(3) if the parties agree through consultation to terminate the contract.
Article 32
Notices or agreements on the modification or rescission of contracts shall
be made in writing.
Article 33
In the case of a contract which, according to the laws or administrative
regulations of the People's Republic of China, is to be established with
the approval of the state, any significant modification of the contract
shall be subject to the approval of the authority which approved the
contract, and the rescission of the contract shall be filed with the same
authority for the record.
Article 34
The modification, rescission or termination of a contract shall not affect
the rights of the parties to claim damages.
Article 35
The contractually agreed terms for the settlement of disputes shall not
become invalid because of the rescission or termination of a contract.

Article 36
The contractually agreed terms for the settlement of accounts and
liquidation of a contract shall not become invalid because of the
rescission or termination of the contract.

Chapter VI The Settlement of Disputes

Article 37
If disputes over a contract develop, the parties shall, as far as
possible, settle them through consultation, or through mediation by a
third party.
If the parties are unwilling to settle their dispute through consultation
or mediation, or if consultation or mediation proves unsuccessful, they
may, in accordance with the arbitration clause provided in the contract or
a written arbitration agreement reached by the parties afterwards, submit
the dispute to a Chinese arbitration body or any other arbitration body
for arbitration.
Article 38
If no arbitration clause is provided in the contract, and a written
arbitration agreement is not reached afterwards, the parties may bring
suit in a people's court.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 39
The time limit for filing suit or applying for arbitration in a dispute
over a contract for the purchase and sale of goods shall be four years,
counting from the day when the party was aware or ought to have been aware
of its rights' being infringed upon. The time limit for filing suit or
applying for arbitration in a dispute over any other contract shall be
stipulated separately by law.
Article 40
If new legal provisions are formulated while contracts for Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures, or
Chinese-foreign cooperative exploration and development of natural
resources, which have been concluded with the approval of the state, are
being performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China,
the performance may still be based on the terms of the contracts.
Article 41
This Law may apply to contracts concluded before it goes into effect if
this is agreed to by the parties through consultation.
Article 42
The State Council shall, in accordance with this Law, formulate rules for
its implementation.
Article 43
This Law shall go into effect on July 1, 1985.



1985年3月21日

　　　　张某雇凶伤人放火案

　　　　　　　杨燕霞
【案情】
2002年4月份的一天，被告人张某对前去其煤场拉煤的被告人马某说找几个人将与之有矛盾的村书记的胳膊或腿打折一只。几天后马某纠集薛某等人打车来到张某处，双方商定事成后给6000元酬金，张某告诉马某等人村书记有个鸡场，晚上一点左右村书记开车到鸡场，让马某等人在鸡场门口截住村书记打一顿，后张某又领马某等人来到村书记鸡场并指认了地方，说办成事后打其手机，让马某等人顺村书记鸡场房后西边的路逃离现场。张某遂离去。当晚马某等人即手持木棍在村书记鸡场附近的麦地等候，因鸡场人多三人对村书记实施伤害未遂。在张某的多次催促下，一个月后马某等人临时起意，放火将村书记的鸡场烧毁。事后张某给付马某等人3600元酬金。
【审判】
本案关于第三被告人张某的行为如何定性在审理过程中存在三种观点：
第一种观点：被告人张某的行为构成故意伤害罪，属犯罪预备。
理由：刑法第22条第1款规定，为了犯罪，准备工具，制造条件的，是犯罪预备。被告人张某雇佣马某等人伤害村书记，马某等人准备棍棒等作案工具等候在村书记出没的场所，马某等人的行为应属犯罪预备。依据刑法第29条第1款的规定，教唆他人犯罪的，应当按照他在共同犯罪中所起的作用处罚。故张某的行为应构成故意伤害罪（预备）。
第二种观点：被告人张某的行为不构成犯罪。
理由：刑法第234条第1款规定，故意伤害他人身体的，处三年以下有期徒刑，拘役或者管制。该条是关于故意伤害他人身体健康致人轻伤的处罚规定，从此条规定可以看出故意伤害致人轻伤是故意伤害罪够罪的条件，即故意伤害罪是以伤害结果是否构成轻、重伤或死亡来定罪。本案张某雇佣马某等人打折村书记一条胳膊或一条腿，但因马某等人意志以外的原因，而未能对村书记实施伤害。伤害罪属结果犯，没有伤害结果就不能构成犯罪。马某等人属实行犯，实行犯不构成犯罪，根据刑法关于教唆犯的规定，教唆犯张某就不构成犯罪。
第三种观点：被告人张某的行为构成故意伤害罪（未遂）。笔者同意第三种意见，理由如下：
本案属于雇佣犯罪，雇佣犯罪是教唆犯罪的一种特殊形式，对雇佣犯罪的处理应当遵循刑法有关教唆犯罪的一般规定，刑法第29条第2款规定：如果被教唆人没有犯被教唆的罪，对于教唆犯，可以从轻或者减轻处罚。该条是对教唆未遂犯罪的规定。教唆未遂是教唆犯已经着手实施教唆他人犯罪的行为，但由于其意志以外的原因而未得逞的情形，其表现特征为：1、教唆犯已开始以言词或其他方法进行教唆；2、教唆犯的教唆行为没有引起被教唆人的犯罪决意以及被教唆人没有完成具体犯罪或没有实现具体的犯罪结果；3、教唆犯意志以外的原因包括对教唆犯和被教唆犯来说都是意志以外的原因。可以这样理解教唆犯的着手实行犯罪不取决于实行犯是否着手犯罪，且教唆犯的成立必须具备两个要件：一是主观上须有教唆他人实行犯罪的故意，二是客观上须有引起他人实行犯罪意图的教唆行为。
本案中张某欲非法损害他人身体健康，便采取以金钱雇佣的方式，告知马某等人被害人村书记行踪，指认村书记出没场所，以实现伤害村书记身体健康的故意。张某的行为属于我国刑法规定的教唆犯罪，在教唆犯罪结果上，因其意志以外的原因（鸡场人多）马某等人未按张某的教唆要求打断村书记的一条胳膊或腿，但张某教唆他人犯罪的要件已具备，即主观上有教唆他人实行犯罪的故意，客观上具有引起他人实行犯罪意图的教唆行为，被教唆人马某等人是否按教唆的要求实行了教唆犯罪的行为，实行到何种程度，张某都应按教唆的罪名来定罪。故张某的行为应定故意伤害罪（未遂）。
需注意的一点是马某等人伤害未遂后，又临时起意放火烧毁被害人村书记的养鸡场，张某在马某等人放火后给付马某等三人3600元酬金，这一事后情节对判定张某故意伤害罪未遂行为有一定参考意义。马某等人临时起意放火烧毁村书记财产的行为在教唆犯罪中属于实行犯罪过限，在过限行为上，张某与马某等人之间不存在共同犯罪，根据罪责自负原则，张某仅对伤害罪（未遂）承担刑事责任，马某等人对故意伤害罪（未遂）、放火罪承担刑事责任。